What Is a Hydrocele?
A hydrocele is a soft swelling in the scrotum. It happens when fluid builds up around a testicle. This condition is common in newborns, but adults can get it too. While hydroceles are usually painless, they can cause discomfort. In many cases, people notice a smooth, round bulge in the scrotum. Because hydroceles can look like other problems, it is important to get a proper diagnosis. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), hydroceles are not usually dangerous, but sometimes they need treatment.
Common Causes of Hydrocele
There are several reasons why a hydrocele may form. For newborns, it often happens because the pathway between the belly and scrotum does not close. In adults, hydroceles can develop for different reasons. For example, injury or infection in the scrotum can lead to fluid buildup. Sometimes, swelling from surgery or a tumor may cause a hydrocele. In rare cases, long-term swelling from other health problems can also play a role. Because the causes vary, it is helpful to know what can increase your risk:
For adults, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) notes that some infections, like those from parasites, can also cause hydroceles in certain regions.
Symptoms to Watch For
Most hydroceles do not cause pain. However, you may notice some signs. For instance, the main symptom is a painless swelling in one or both sides of the scrotum. The swelling may change in size during the day. Sometimes, the area feels heavy or uncomfortable. If the hydrocele gets very large, it can cause pressure or mild pain. Rarely, redness or sudden pain may mean there is another problem, such as infection or twisting of the testicle. Because these symptoms can look like other conditions, it is important to seek medical advice if you notice:
How Is Hydrocele Diagnosed?
Doctors use simple steps to diagnose a hydrocele. First, they ask about your symptoms and medical history. Next, they perform a physical exam. During the exam, the doctor may shine a light through the scrotum. This test, called transillumination, helps show if the swelling is filled with fluid. Sometimes, doctors order an ultrasound. This test uses sound waves to create a picture of the inside of the scrotum. Because other problems can look like a hydrocele, these tests help make sure you get the right treatment. According to PubMed studies, ultrasound is safe and does not cause pain.
Surgical Treatment Options for Hydrocele
While many hydroceles in babies go away on their own, adults may need treatment for hydrocele if it causes discomfort or grows larger. Surgery is the most common treatment for hydrocele in adults. The procedure is called hydrocelectomy. During hydrocele surgery, the doctor removes the fluid and closes the space to prevent it from coming back. Usually, this is a quick surgery done with local or general anesthesia. Sometimes, doctors may use a needle to drain the fluid, but this is less common because the hydrocele often returns. The American Urological Association recommends surgery as the most effective long-term solution.
Because surgery is safe and has a high success rate, most people recover well.
Recovery and Aftercare Following Surgery
After hydrocele surgery, most people go home the same day. Recovery is usually quick. For example, you may feel mild pain or swelling for a few days. Doctors often suggest resting and avoiding heavy lifting for about one to two weeks. Using ice packs and wearing supportive underwear can help reduce swelling. Because infection is rare, your doctor may give you antibiotics to prevent it. You should contact your doctor if you notice:
Most people return to normal activities within two weeks. However, always follow your doctor’s advice for the best recovery.
Preventive Tips and Lifestyle Guidance
Although you cannot always prevent a hydrocele, some steps may lower your risk. For instance, wearing protective gear during sports can help prevent injury. Treating infections early can also reduce the chance of swelling. In areas where certain infections are common, using mosquito nets and clean water can help prevent parasite-related hydroceles. Because regular check-ups can catch problems early, see your doctor if you notice any changes in your scrotum. Healthy habits, such as good hygiene and safe sexual practices, also support overall health.